How well is “Mathematical Literacy” Doing?

The AMATYC “New Life Project” has a curricular vision that includes two new courses that can replace the traditional developmental mathematics courses.  The first of the new courses is Mathematical Literacy for College Students (often shortened to just Mathematical Literacy, or even MLCS); this course shares content with the Carnegie Foundation Pathways (Quantway™ and Statway™) and with the Dana Center (Foundations of Mathematical Reasoning).

With the New Life Project, our work is based on faculty making choices and working with publishers to develop materials.  Currently, two commercial texts are available for MLCS (either published or soon-to-be published); some faculty have also custom published their own materials, or adapted existing materials.  The initial MLCS pilots started about two years ago.

As of fall 2013, here is a summary of the known MLCS course implementations (number of sections):

The actual total is definitely higher than this (153 sections), as we know of other colleges using one of the new Math Lit textbooks.  A few more colleges are implementing MLCS in Spring 2014, and several more colleges are implementing Fall 2014.

I think it is worth noting that all of this progress is being made without special grants; no mandates are involved, and we have no ‘staff’ in the New Life project.  What we do have — dozens of dedicated faculty, willing colleges, and publishers willing to work with us.

The New Life Project is a voluntary effort (AMATYC Developmental Mathematics Committee) with considerable collaboration with the Carnegie Foundation and the Dana Center — especially in providing curricular expertise to those organizations.  We can be proud of this progress and our work together.

The use of Mathematical Literacy will continue to grow.  Our work will increase the emphasis on the second course — Algebraic Literacy; for information on Algebraic Literacy, you can see a presentation from this year’s Summit on Developmental Mathematics at https://www.devmathrevival.net/?page_id=1807

More information on both New Life courses is available over at the New Life community home — dm-live (https://dm-live.wikispaces.com/)

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When Change becomes Progress

This semester, we have more than 150 sections of Mathematical Literacy offered at colleges across the country … and these are outside of the grant-related work (such as Quantway™).  In other words, the New Life Mathematical Literacy course is now the most implemented reform math course in the United States.

Getting to this point is the result of the incredible effort of dozens of math faculty, many of whom have been members of the New Life wiki at http://dm-live.wikispaces.com/.  Our work has not involved large grants from foundations; rather, collaboration and local initiative have allowed us to create significant change.

However, change is not the same as progress.  Progress involves sustained efforts which achieve explicit goals.  We have achieved more than other efforts … but we “are not there yet”.

Where are we headed?  How will we know when we have arrived?  These are not questions for which we create singular responses and data-based conclusions; these are questions for a profession to use as standards for our work.

In the world of process and product design, one set of strategies involves having people seeing themselves in the situation that they are trying to create.  For example, we might ask 100 math faculty to imagine that the mathematics curriculum works like it is supposed to.  What does this look like?  What does it sound like?  What does it smell like?

For our work, here are some answers I would give to those questions about what we are trying to achieve:

• Students text each other about the latest exciting math problem.
• Students pass every math class unless something unexpected comes up.
• Over 10% of students major in a STEM field and over 10% of degrees are awarded in STEM fields.
• Students learn diverse mathematics, with understanding, in both pre-college and college math courses.
• Fewer students are in college-prep math classes than are in college level math classes.
• Half of the students who start in college-prep math classes change their goals to be more STEM-like.
• Math faculty are the happiest faculty on campus.

Part of our difficulty has been that we have not had a goal in mind — beyond having higher pass rates.  Higher pass rates is not a design standard; it’s a production standard (and a poor one, at that).

Progress would exist if we would judge that we are substantially closer to achieving our goals.  If we don’t articulate our goals (like the 7 statements above), we can never have progress … because we are not directing our efforts towards anything.  Change is cheap; progress is where the power is.

I started off this post thinking a next step, like getting the Algebraic Literacy course on the radar — and I still think that is very important.  Or, thinking about salvaging the college algebra and pre-calculus curriculum, which is very important.  I hope that you will be involved with one or both of those reform efforts.  Overall, however, I am concluding that we need to have more conversations about our goals.  What does progress look like?  How do we know when we are there, as opposed to where we are now?

We have created significant change.  Progress?  We’re not there yet.

Serving all students

Lately, I have been reading a lot of college schedule books.  One interesting idea I found was a college that offered “Intermediate Algebra for STEM” as well as regular intermediate algebra.

However, I saw an overall pattern that is disturbing.

Math programs tend to respond to struggling students by either creating a new course in addition to the old OR by splitting existing courses into 2 or more parts.

Let me clarify the ‘splitting’ — although I did notice a few places with modules (same semester), what I saw more was partial courses to be taken over an entire semester.  Beginning algebra might be a deliberate 2 or 3 semester experience (if all parts are passed); intermediate algebra might be another 2 or 3 semester experience.  The only way this pattern can be justified is by meeting two criteria:

1. A pass rate approaching unity (>90% in every segment)     AND
2. A retention rate approaching unity (>90% continue to the next segment)

These conditions still only allow about 50% of those starting beginning algebra to complete intermediate algebra after a 4-semester sequence (.91^7 = 51.7%).  The more typical 60% pass rate, combined with a more typical 80% retention rate, suggests a whopping 7% of students completing both algebra courses.  Most students are not done with intermediate algebra; getting to pass a college math course would happen for about 3% of those who start a beginning algebra sequence.

The issue here is not whether something needs to be done.  A significant portion (a minority, but non-trivial group) of our students have excessive struggles in spite of good effort on their part in the presence of a good classroom.  My own gut-level estimate is that approximately 20% of students need something more to help them succeed in a traditional algebra course.

Clearly, this is one of the motivations for the New Life courses, Mathematical Literacy and Algebraic Literacy.  These designs provide a more diverse curriculum, with reasoning emphasized, which is meant to help more students succeed.

However, not all institutions are able to implement the Literacy math courses at this time; some institutions will take 5 years to reach that stage.  What should the rest of us do?

I suggest this principle as being a valid guideline for our work with all students (including those who struggle):

The math curriculum should provide a one semester experience at each ‘level’ for all students.

Our current levels are beginning algebra and intermediate algebra.  Courses before beginning algebra have their own issues, and we need to justify their  existence. A beginning algebra course should be one semester, whether a student needs minimal support or maximal support.  A intermediate algebra course should be one semester, whether a student needs minimal support or maximal support.

So, instead of a two-semester beginning algebra sequence, we could offer an expanded class time version of beginning algebra.  If we think students need twice as much ‘instruction’, then we could offer a 8-class-hour per week version of a 4-credit course; at many institutions, this translates into a 4 credit course with 8 billing hours.

Most of us introduce the sequence of partial courses in response to lower pass rates for a group of struggling students.  My college did this for about 10 years.  Our rationale was that only 25% to 30% of the struggling group passed the single course, compared to 60% for the remainder of the students.  However, our best efforts only achieved 60% pass rate in the two half-courses; this resulted in about 29% of the students completing both halves — about the same rate as completed the single course.

Helping struggling students is not about providing more courses in a sequence.  Helping struggling students is much more about what we do in one course, in one semester.  Whether ‘struggling’ comes from learning disabilities (the most common reason), or historical accidents of the student (no diploma, no GED), helping students should not hurt students chances of completion.  In the political parlance, we are talking about societies most vulnerable adults.  Our work should be about catching them up, not setting them further behind.

Let’s drop those sequences of partial courses.  The design can not succeed as a strategy.  Let’s create some truly helpful solutions that fit within one semester.

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Should a Math Class be an Approximation?

I was tempted to title this post “should high school math teachers be allowed to teach college?”, because that is what I was thinking about recently; of course, that is not really the issue.  The issue is: should a math class, such as developmental math, be an approximation of the mathematics or should it be precisely the mathematics?

Here is the situation that got me thinking about it … While I was at the AMATYC conference (and Dev Math Summit) last week in Anaheim, I had substitutes in all four of my classes.  Two of them were former high school teachers, one a retired state worker.  Both of the former high school teachers confused my students by their mathematical presentation.  In one case, the teacher said that students should shade all regions for each inequality in a system including the ‘double overlap’; this is an approximation to the mathematics — only the overlap area should be shaded.  In the other case, the topic was the imaginary unit and complex numbers; this teacher did not appear to say anything ‘wrong’ but focused entirely on the mechanics.

It’s probably obvious that no math class can achieve precision in all topics during the learning process.  Approximations come from various factors, some more malleable than others.  One factor is linguistic in nature … precision is based on language, and deep understanding of language comes with experience.  We can not expect an expert understanding of the language from novice users; however, I would like to think that we design courses and curriculum so that students will move steadily towards the expert level.  This is complex, perhaps impossible … but I think it is critical to invest energy in this process for students.

Another factor for precision is created in the modeling process we provide to students.  In the ‘imaginary’ number case last week, the instructor emphasized correct symbol manipulation as a proxy for understanding the topic.  However, the human brain does not store information in a purely symbolic form … the process involves a verbal statement (sometimes called ‘unpacking’) from the symbols.  A novice student has no knowledge connected to the symbols; my substitute confused students by not supporting a verbal (conceptual) framework.

To re-state the title …

Should a math class be a deliberate or accidental approximation?

At this point, we should be thinking something like “Well, what is the problem if a math class is an approximation (deliberate or otherwise)?”

Here is a key problem:

Correcting prior knowledge is more difficult than creating accurate knowledge.

You may have noticed that students’ understanding of fractions is resistant to our efforts of ‘correction’ (same with algebraic faux paus such as distributing a power over a sum).  We spend millions of dollars on instruction partially as a result of math classes being a approximations at some prior stage(s) of the student’s math history.  Every time a student is required to take a standardized test in math, we are seeing the direct results of approximations in math classes and the harm they cause students.

I have no delusions that excessive ‘approximations’ are limited to K-12 teachers; I’m sure that many of our college instructors and professors do the same kinds of things.  I am guessing, however, that school teachers are more prone to running approximate math classes (based on interviewing experienced teachers across levels).  Also, policy makers who focus on ‘skills’ often provide indirect motivation to make math classes more approximate, as does a focus on ‘teaching for the test’.

Here is the tension we face:

Approximations result in inaccurate or incorrect learning.

Perfect precision results in no learning at all.

This is the math teacher’s paradox.  Like most paradoxes, this one serves to sharpen our problem solving.  The solutions lie along a path where approximations are deliberately limited and then refined towards perfection over time.

Many of us seriously underestimate the amount of work needed to learn mathematics — both professionals and policy makers.  Resolving the math teacher’s paradox depends upon appropriate conditions; the most basic of these conditions is time.  “Covering” the Common Core or “covering” the algebra curriculum will tend to doom most students to suffering the consequences of repeated approximations to mathematics.

We’d be better off working on precision for a lot less curricular content.

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